Modern Atomic Theory
Section 1: Rutherford's Atom
Section 2: Electromagnetic Radiation
- electromagnetic radiation: a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space and time
- wavelength: the distance between 2 consecutive peaks or 2 consecutive valleys
- frequency: indicates how many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time period
- photon: particles of light
Section 3: Emission of Energy by Atoms
Section 4: The Energy Levels of Hydrogen
- quantized energy levels: same set of discrete energy levels
Section 5: The Bohr Model of the Atom
Section 6: The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom
- wave mechanical model: electron states are described by orbitals
Section 7: The Hydrogen Orbitals
- orbital: the probability map for the electron(s)
- principal energy levels: energy level indicated by an integer, n
- sublevels: how levels are subdivided
Section 8: The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development
- Pauli exclusion principle: an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins
Section 9: Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table
- electron configuration: electron arrangement; one electron in the 1s orbital
- orbital (box) diagram: orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sub level with small arrows indicating the electrons
- valence electrons: the electrons in the outermost (highest) principal energy level of an atom
- core electrons: inner electrons that are not involved in bonding atoms to each other
Section 10: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- lanthanide series: group of fourteen elements called lanthanides; this series of elements corresponds to the filling of the seven 4f orbitals
- actinide series: group of fourteen elements called actinides; this series of elements corresponds to the filling of the seven 5f orbitals
- main-group (representative) elements: elements in Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8
Section 11: Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table
- metals: they have a lustrous appearance, the ability to change shape without breaking, and excellent conductivity of heat and electricity
- nonmetals: elements that does not exhibit metallic properties
- metalloids: elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic behavior; also called semimetals
- ionization energy: energy required to remove an electron from an individual atom in the gas phase
- atomic size: atomic size increases going down a group but decreases doing from left to right across a period