Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions
Section 1: The Elements
Section 2: Symbols for the Elements
- element symbols: a set of abbreviations for the chemical elements
Section 3: Dalton's Atomic Theory
- law of constant composition: a given compound always has the same composition, regardless of where it comes from
- Dalton's atomic theory: John Dalton's explanation of atoms
- atom: elements are made of tiny particles are called atoms
Section 4: Formulas of Compounds
- compound: distinct pure substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more element and always contain exactly the same relative masses of those elements
- chemical formula: a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to show the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative number of atoms
Section 5: The Structure of the Atom
- electron: a negatively charged particle
- nuclear atom: the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge and electrons moving around the outside
- nucleus: small dense center of positive charge in an atom
- proton: a natural polymer formed by condensation reactions between amino acids; a positive charge
- neutron: a particle in the atomic nucleus with a mass approximately equal to that of the proton but with no charge
Section 6: Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure Isotopes
Section 7: Isotopes
- isotopes: atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons; have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers
- atomic number, Z: atomic number; number of protons
- atomic number, A: mass number; number of protons and neutrons
Section 8: Introduction to the Periodic Table
- periodic table: a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns so that all the elements in a given column have similar chemical properties
- groups: a vertical column of elements having the same valence - electron configuration and similar chemical properties
- alkali metals: A Group 1 metal
- alkaline earth metals: A Group 2 metal
- halogens: a group 7 element
- noble gases: a group 8 element
- transition metals: several series of elements in which inner orbitals (d or f orbitals) are being filled
- metals: an element that gives up electrons easily and is also lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity
- nonmetals: an element that does not show metallic characteristics; accepts electrons from a metal
- metalloids (semimetals): an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
Section 9: Natural States of the Elements
- diatomic molecule: a molecule composed of two atoms
Section 10: Ions
- ion: an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive/negative charge anions
- cation: a positive ion
- anion: a negative ion
Section 11: Compounds That Contain Ions
- ionic compound: a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions