Matter
Section 1: Matter
- matter: the "stuff" of which the universe is composed
- states of matter: substances of solid, liquid, and gas
- solid: rigid; has a fixed shape and volume
- liquid: has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
- gas: has no fixed volume or shape; takes the shape and volume of its container
Section 2: Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
- physical properties: characteristics of a substance as it exist can be observed and measured
- chemical properties: the ability to form new substances under given condition
- physical change: involves a change in one or more physical properties, but no change in the fundamental components that make up the substance
- chemical change: involves a change in the fundamental components of the substance; a given substance changes into different substance(s)
- reaction: chemical changes (example: silver loses it's color by reacting with substances in the air; a plant forms a leaf by combining various substances from air and soil)
Section 3: Elements and Compounds
- element: a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical methods
- compound: a substance composed of a given combination of elements that can be broken down into those elements by chemical methods
Section 4: Mixtures and Pure Substances
- mixture: something that has variable composition
- pure substance: something that will always have the same composition
- homogenous mixture: mixture that is the same throughout
- solution: homogeneous mixture
- heterogenous mixture: contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions
Section 5: Separation of Mixtures
- distillation: the action of separating a liquid by a process of heating and cooling
- filtration: the process of passing a liquid through a filter; separates liquid from a solid